Business Approaches to Combating Bribery †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Business Approaches to Combating Bribery. Answer: Introduction: The Commonwealth Bank Chief executive officer was the one interview in the case. He is called Ian Mark Narev and has worked in both Australia and Canada. The interview happened through internationationl telephone communication call whose contact was extracted from the online platform. It was conducted on 10th of October .2017 900hr. Mr. Ian has conducted very senior positions in the two countries as a managing director of the company. The business expanded to Canada due to an expansion in the market.Hence, the urge to set the business at a global level hence developing the business into a multi-international business(Power Rhett., 2014). The business also targeted at ensuring that many employment opportunities had been set in different countries to resolve the problem of unemployment. The director had more work experience with skills such as good communication and information technology skills. The interview further reveals that the director always stayed focused and organized on th e projects at hand in the company while working realizing success in both Australian and Canadian branch(Peter Drucker., 2006). The responsibilities that were assigned to him as a manager includes: The director carried out planning programs that helped the firm to run so that at the end of the process, success was realized. Projects that the organization had to complete within a specific timeframe were well highlighted by the director. Leaders in the regard can trace real-time problems before damage is done(Anderson Albert., 2009). Scheduling also was another responsibility Mr. Ian as the chief executive officer of the organization. In the regard, He ensured that all logistics were done appropriately and timely s which was a big boost in realizing the dreams he had for the company. Coordination of the resources was a crucial responsibility done by the CEO of the company. He ensured that employees were working accordingly, in good relations and therefore conducive environment for working. He ensured that both internal and international resources were in perfect conditions(Mettler Rohner, 2009). Meeting datelines and time management was paramount to the CEO of the organization. Through the conversation, the CEO emphasized that as a leader in both countries, meeting deadlines was primary responsibility and he ensured that realized timely(Drucker Peter., 2000). The CEO has significant experience in international operations, trade, and relations. Furthermore, the CEO has had experience for over ten years in Australia holding profound positions as the executing officer and therefore was fit for the position due to the experience he had and therefore could deliver as expected of him(Madden Bartley., 2014). Human Resource management in two countries In both countries, the labor programs are working to ensure that the welfare of employees is adhered to strictly. The CEO further revealed that as an organization, they work closely with provincial and territorial governments, unions, employer international partners together with other interested stakeholders to ensure that fairness, safety, and productive working environments are created for the employees(Zickar Highhouse, 2001). Basing on the analysis conducted by the CEO on the corporate codes of conduct in the two countries, it revealed that the two have a similar economic development and standard of living. There are only slight variations brought about by the state of living of the employees due to variation in culture and history. The two despite having a similar history of being the former colony of British; members of the commonwealth, their values, and cultures of the employees differs. The ethics are emanated from globalization, and it is due to globalization and code of ethics in the two countries which have enhanced business activities. Institutional factors brought about variation in codes of conducts of employees in the two countries hence bringing about a difference in the rate of growth(Gordon Miyake., 2001). The two countries have both strong economies. The CEO further gave a revelation that they are amongst the wealthiest nations worldwide. The factor, therefore, encouraged the business to grow rapidly and therefore market shortage was not a problem in the two countries. Studies further reveal that the two economies are characterized with the service-driven system in businesses which has encouraged the growth of the company. The company is one of the service industries in these two countries; this was a plus to both of them(James Patrick., 2008). When it comes to the customers of the business, according to the CEO, Canadas market comes from the United States of America, The United Kingdom, China, European Union, Israel, and Germany. Australia market is mainly from countries such as Japan, China, India and South Korea. In addition, the CEO revealed that the employment rate is high in both the two countries such that Canada registered a 93% while Australia has a rate of 94%. Both countries have a stable gross domestic product; the two governments subjected the company to low rates as charges hence facilitating the operation of the company. Improved infrastructure is also another factor that has facilitated the operation of the company in two countries at ease. Canada has an advantage over Australia in terms of the strategic position of the country to the USA that has facilitated cheap export of goods. Therefore CEO revealed that carrying out sales in Canada was relatively cheap as compared to Canada. Australia and Canada currently have a stable political system encouraging the operation of the business. Good leadership by the government in both cases has provided conducive environments for business activities. The two furthermore, have an effective system of government that gives multinationals with the safer business environment. The CEO further revealed that the two countries are developed, with open diverse and competitive market which to a great extent encouraged foreign business activities. Strong Political ties with other nations have boosted their political standards hence good for business activities(Robert Jackiee, 2010). In leadership perspectives, men are more empowered in Australia; they occupy the majority of positions; be it organizations or in government.In Canada, women are more empowered; conversation revealed that majority of the positions are occupied by ladies. The countries having colonized by the same colonial county which Britain, they have therefore similar form of administration together with the way charges are paid to the government is required by the organization and therefore working in the two countries in managerial position is an easy task , slight adjustments are only needed(Penrith: Deborah., 2008). The two countries utilize Westminster system of government. They, therefore, have a similar system of administration. There are further similarities and differences in terms of atmosphere well in the states which have a direct impact on the operation of businesses in such environments. For instance, in both countries, there are two larger parties which have kept on wrestling for power. These automatically have created tensions and therefore unfavorable for the operation of the business organization. Business will only operate well where political neutrality is sustained. In this case, In Canada political Wrangles have existed between Liberal and conservative parties. In Australia, Liberal and labor parties are also at war(Daly, 2003). Reflection Questions What prompted for the expansion of the company to the two countries, particularly Australia and Canada? What challenges did you encounter in moving from one area to another as a CEO? How did the employees behave in the two organization the impact it had on you as the leader of the organization, how did you change the culture of the organization to fit your objectives? When you were moved to the second organization, what differences did you see and the necessary adjustments you took? Compare the ethical standards of the employee in the two countries? Conclusions In summary, the operation of the business in both Canada and Australia as the CEO revealed in the interview show that it was a success in both. Stable environmental conditions supported by customers availability, stable political environments, good social environments and even well-experienced managers are some of the key factors that have ensured that business in the two environments is a success(Wotruba Chonko., 2001). Despite few challenges faced, it is evidenced that keen analysis of the environment and employee relations are also additional factors that ensured that business in the two countries operated accordingly. Knowledge is key in running organization despite the changes in the environment, with knowledge there is always a way out in most cases. The strictly regulatory measure is the main reasons as to why the operation of the business in two countries was achieved(Wood, 2000). References Anderson, Albert. (2009). Tracing real-time problem. New York: Collins. Daly, M. (2003). The ROUGH Guide To Australia. Melbourne: rough guided limited. Drucker, Peter. (2000). Managing Oneself. Harvard: Harvard business review. Gordon, K., Miyake. (2001). Business approaches to combating bribery.A study of codes of conducts. Journal business of ethics, 34, 161-173. James, Patrick. (2008). Canadian studies in the Millenium. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Madden, Bartlty. (2014). Reconstructing your worldview. Vienna: Business informative conference. Mettler, T., Rohner, P. (2009). Performance Management: There laws of management. Vienna: International business information. Penrith: Deborah. (2008). Live and work in Australia. Melbourne: Crimson publishing. Peter, F., Drucker. (2006). The effective executive. New York: Collins. Power, Rhett. (2014). If you cant manage your life, you cant manage people. NewYork: Collins. Robert, C., Jackiee, D. (2010). A dictionary of Australian Politics, Allen and Unwins. Melbourne: Cows Nest. Wood, G. (2000). A CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISON OF CONCEPT OF CODES OF ETHICS. Journal of business, 287-298. Wotruba, T., Chonko. (2001). Impact of Ethics on Code of Familiarity. Journal of business ethics, 59-69. Zickar, J., Highhouse, S. (2001). Measuring of the prestige of journals in industrial-organizational psychology. New York: Collins.

The Hungarian Edition Of Cosmopolitan Essays - Cosmopolitan

The Hungarian Edition Of Cosmopolitan TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 3 OVERVIEW OF THE HUNGARIAN MARKET 3 BACKGROUND 4 DESCRIPTION OF THE PRODUCT 4 THE CONCEPT OF THE PRODUCT 4 PROFILE OF THE TARGET CONSUMERS 5 CURRENT MARKET SITUATION 5 SWOT ANALYSIS 5 PEST ANALYSIS 6 STRUCTURE OF THE MAGAZINE 6 PRICING STRATEGY 7 PROMOTION MIX 7 ADVERTISING 7 SALES PROMOTION 8 PUBLIC RELATIONS 9 CONCLUSIONS 9 APPENDIX 10 LIST OF SOURCES 17 ABSTRACT Primarily based on an interview with Ms. Eniko Horvath, marketing manager of Cosmopolitan Hungary, this case study outlines the historical background of Cosmopolitan international editions and the peculiarities of the Hungarian version. The first issue brought about a revolution in the general approach of women's magazines in Hungary; Cosmopolitan immediately reached a leading market position that it still holds today. The paper discusses the layout and content of the magazine in an attempt to thoroughly describe this product. It illustrates some patterns of the magazine in terms of sales, number of subscribers and number of copies given out freely for promotional purposes. The pricing policy and the promotion mix adopted by Cosmopolitan as parts of its overall marketing strategy, are presented as well. We conclude that Cosmopolitan is a successful business in today's glossy magazines market in Hungary, since each upcoming issue is impatiently awaited by thousands of readers each mon th. OVERVIEW OF THE HUNGARIAN MARKET In Hungary the first magazines for women were published in the middle of the 19th Century. In the name of emancipation, Hungarian women demanded more women's magazines, fashion and beauty-care products. At that moment there were around 1,500 magazines on the market and their advertisements were mainly done through first-class fashion salons. After World War I, the so-called feminine press started to fade away and cultural magazines slowly took over. During the socialist era, a new type of magazines appeared on the Hungarian market and remained dominant for 40 years. One of them is still among the leading Hungarian magazines for women and is called Nok Lapja. After it's very first issue in 1949, it was declared to be a good, useful and essential magazine for honest, hard-working Hungarian women and remained so until the 1960's, when it also incorporated some elements of the Western culture. The economical and political changes which occurred in the past 10 years deeply affected the magazines market. The feminine press made a tremendous comeback, giving birth to newcomers and forcing old magazines to change. At present one can find more than 50 magazines dedicated to women readers. Some of them deal with so-called women issues in general, whereas some specialize in fashion, cooking, needlework and home decorating. In a market economy, magazines are like any other product, says Andrea Eszes, editor of Cosmopolitan. And products targeting women can make big profits in Hungary. If we just compare how much is spent on advertising each year in Hungary with the budget of the Ministry of Culture or that of the Ministry of National Defense, there is no wonder that this market is a primary business target for investors. The future holds fine prospects to these international glossy magazines that are published all over the world and combine some common characteristics with specific cultural elements of the host countries. But as they emerge and leave cultural magazines behind, they will bear the increasing responsibility of correcting the language usage and promoting visual culture to the public. BACKGROUND Cosmopolitan was founded in 1886 as a magazine for first-class families in the U.S. William Randolph Hearst acquired the magazine in 1905. In the middle of the century sales dropped and the management decided to change the concept of the magazine. Ever since, the Cosmopolitan concept - the magazine is for young women interested in fashion, beauty, career and sex has been alive. Helen Gurley Brown, who was appointed Editor in Chief in 1965, approached the idea of Cosmopolitan as a magazine for ambitious, career-conscious young women and even wrote a feminist best-seller. Today there are 37 international editions, making Cosmopolitan the largest selling young women's magazine in the whole world. It has an average of nearly 7 million buyers universally and more than 33 million readers per month. This gives Cosmopolitan the status of the first international first-class magazine. The Hungarian edition of Cosmopolitan was launched in November 1997, in accordance with the agreement between Hearst Corporation/VNU and

Americas Prison Population Professor Ramos Blog

Americas Prison Population The American criminal justice system holds almost 2.3 million people in 1,719 state prisons, 102 federal prisons, 1,852 juvenile correctional facilities and 3,163 local jails (Wagner and Sawyer). America is by far the leader in people incarcerated into prison systems. There are another 840,000 people on parole and a staggering 3.7 million people on probation (Wagner and Sawyer). People look to America as the land of the free, yet we have so many of our citizens incarcerated and we need to look to the possibilities of why this is. We can start by looking into the growth of juvenile crimes and the punishments behind them. â€Å"The divergence of trends of juvenile and adult violent crime in the last decade represents a potentially alarming development in the fight against crime. The rate at which juveniles were arrested for violent crime rose 79 percent between 1978 and 1993, almost three times the increase over that time period for adults (Levitt 1156).† Each state has different systems when dealing with juvenile and adult criminals but the age majority at which an individual may be tried at an adult court varies between 16 and 19 years of age. So, depending on the crime, a 16 year old teenager may be tried as an adult. â€Å"There are sharp changes in crime rates associated with the transition from the juvenile to the adult court. In the year following the attainment of the age of majority, states that punish adults particularly harshly relative to juveniles see violent crime rates fall by almost 25 p ercent and property crime 10-15 percent relative to states in which adult punishment are relatively lenient (Levitt 1181).† This brings us to another factor we must look at when talking about over population in our prison systems. Are laws being created for more severe prison sentences? â€Å"One of the most significant trends in criminal justice is the growing emphasis on imprisonment. Legislators have continuously responded to constituent fears by establishing longer sentences or mandatory minimum sentences for wide varieties of crimes and criminals. As a result, United States prison populations have increased nearly 400% in the twenty-five years from 1968 to 1993 (Marvell 696).† According to Michael Tonry the Director of the Institute of Criminology at Cambridge University, â€Å"The large majorities often express the view that sentencing is too lenient, and that people demand that criminal punishment be made tougher. On this account, elected officials have merely respected the public will, and imprisonment rates have risen as a result (420).† In other terms, we look to punish criminals s everely out of fear in the hopes that the criminal doesn’t repeat any crimes anytime soon. But maybe we’re right. Overall, 67.8% of the 404,638 state prisoners released in 2005 in 30 states were arrested within 3 years of release, and 76.6% were arrested within 5 years of release (Durose et al. 1). Over three quarters of the prisoners released in 2005 in 30 states had been re-incarcerated back into our prison systems adding on top of all the new juvenile crimes being tried as adults. The statics show within 5 years of release, 84.1% of inmates who were age 24 or younger at release were arrested, compared to 78.6% of inmates 25 to 39 and 69.2% of those age 40 or older (Durose et al. 1). Most inmates are heading right back into prison within 5 years of their release and so we need to look to factors that might impact this. â€Å"Among the 404,638 prisoners released in 30 states in 2005, 31.8% were in prison for a drug offense, 29.8% for a property offense, 25.7% for a violent offense, and 12.7% for a public order offense (Durose et al. 1).† It isn’t as simple to think all your problems will go away once you’re released from prison. You now have a criminal background which makes it much tougher to find jobs and pass background checks. It is these statistics that encourage repeat offenders such as drug dealers and thieves to go right back into their old habits. Some just looking to it as a means of survival knowing their odds of being arrested again were against them. â€Å"Drug arrests give residents of over-policed communities criminal records, which then reduce employment prospects and increase the likelihood of longer sentences for any future offenses (Wagner and Sawyer)†. It is not only you commit the crime you do the time. It is if you re-commit the crime you are now doi ng longer time. Just adding on to longer prison sentences in already over populated prison system. â€Å"More than 90 percent of prisoners are men, incarceration rates for blacks are about eight times higher than those for whites, and prison inmates average less than 12 years of completed schooling† (Petit and Western 151). Over the years research shows that prisons are filled not only with uneducated inmates but that most prisons are predominantly filled with black males. We can look at poor education in low income areas as a cause and effect and this can point towards why there is an increase in juvenile crimes. Future politicians, Police officers, Correctional officers, Parole officers, Judges, Lawyers are just some of the many these over populated prison systems impact. We keep seeing growth in prisons and less in schools. We have more criminals incarcerated than any other country in the world and we don’t even hold the world’s largest population. We need to look at crimes and their punishments and install proper sentences and infrastructures to help rehabilitate prison inmates while being incarcerated and upon release. We need to target juvenile crimes at the source and figure punishments accordingly instead of preparing juveniles for prison. We must not keep building prisons to fill the beds, America must look deeper into its prison policies and laws and develop new methods to keep its citizens out of jails and committing repeat offenses. Durose, Mathew et al. â€Å"Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 30 States in 2005: Patterns from 2005 to 2010†. Bureau of Justice Statistics. April 2014. NCJ 244205. Pp. 1-30. Levitt, Steven, â€Å"Juvenile Crime and Punishment†. The Journal of Political Economy. Vol. 106, Issue 6, December 1998. Pp 1156-1185. JSTOR. http://pricetheory.uchicago.edu/levitt/Papers/LevittJuvenileCrimePunishment1998.pdf Marvell, Thomas B. â€Å"Sentencing Guidelines and Prison Population Growth.† The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 1973, vol. 85, no. 3, 1995, pp. 696–709. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1144046. Petit, Becky and Western Bruce. â€Å"Mass Imprisonment and the Life Course: Race and Class Inequality in U.S. Incarceration†. American Sociological Association. Vol. 69, No. 2 April 2004, pp. 151-169. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/3593082 Tonry, Michael. â€Å"Why Are U.S. Incarceration Rates So High?† Crime Delinquency, Vol. 45, No. 4, October 1999. Pp. 419-437. https://uakron.edu/dotAsset/1662091.pdf Wagner, Peter and Sawyer, Wendy. â€Å"Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2018†. Prison Policy Initiative. March 2018. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2018.html Eric Kazos English 010 3pm

Free Essays on Union Fight For Rights

These days, the fast food industry employs millions of people around the world. Unfortunately, many of these people are not represented by unions. Fast food workers are forced to clean restaurants on their own time and are often compensated with food, not wages. Moreover, the fast food industry reduces costs in intolerable ways. Because employees need to have their rights protected, unions must be created in the fast food industry. For years unions have been established in several manufactures, helping people and solving their problems with giant, merciless companies and corporations. In fact, union can help workers fight for the higher wages, defend them from work without getting pay for overtime, makes them feel confidence about their future and ensure them with the respect from their employers. According to Eric Schlosser’s Fast Food Nation, many of the fast food employees do not meet the criteria for overtime (73). Managers at McDonald’s and other chain restaurants cut labor cost by sending people home when business is slow, and programming them to work only as needed. Similarly, lots of the crew members are kept longer, sometimes up to late night hours whenever the restaurant is busy. Many restaurants practice working â€Å"off the clock in order to avoid paying overtime† (74). However, this statement misses the larger point: there are still people who work overtime without getting pay for it. Schlosser reports, †One employee, a high school dropout named Regina Jones, regularly worked seventy to eighty hours a week but was paid for only forty† (75). Moreover, thousands of people are in the same situation like this teenage girl. It seems clear how workers are being used by their employers. People like Jones would earn twice much money if they get paid for extra hours. This strategy save a lot of money for the owners of fast food restaurants, and extremely increases their revenues at the cost of inexperience... Free Essays on Union Fight For Rights Free Essays on Union Fight For Rights These days, the fast food industry employs millions of people around the world. Unfortunately, many of these people are not represented by unions. Fast food workers are forced to clean restaurants on their own time and are often compensated with food, not wages. Moreover, the fast food industry reduces costs in intolerable ways. Because employees need to have their rights protected, unions must be created in the fast food industry. For years unions have been established in several manufactures, helping people and solving their problems with giant, merciless companies and corporations. In fact, union can help workers fight for the higher wages, defend them from work without getting pay for overtime, makes them feel confidence about their future and ensure them with the respect from their employers. According to Eric Schlosser’s Fast Food Nation, many of the fast food employees do not meet the criteria for overtime (73). Managers at McDonald’s and other chain restaurants cut labor cost by sending people home when business is slow, and programming them to work only as needed. Similarly, lots of the crew members are kept longer, sometimes up to late night hours whenever the restaurant is busy. Many restaurants practice working â€Å"off the clock in order to avoid paying overtime† (74). However, this statement misses the larger point: there are still people who work overtime without getting pay for it. Schlosser reports, †One employee, a high school dropout named Regina Jones, regularly worked seventy to eighty hours a week but was paid for only forty† (75). Moreover, thousands of people are in the same situation like this teenage girl. It seems clear how workers are being used by their employers. People like Jones would earn twice much money if they get paid for extra hours. This strategy save a lot of money for the owners of fast food restaurants, and extremely increases their revenues at the cost of inexperience...

Critical Analysis of Technology & Ethics in Pop Culture Essay

Critical Analysis of Technology & Ethics in Pop Culture - Essay Example However, people fail to focus on the actual themes of future ethics at play in the movie, since it primarily focuses on social choices and the outcomes of an economic profit that is ethics based. District 9 is a movie that tends to go against what a viewer expects. It is the kind that plays on a viewer’s a presumption with the purpose of creating far much deeper and disturbing issues. Actually, first and most noticeable subtext in the movie is a depiction of racism, or rather in this situation speciesism. The fact that the setting of the movie was done in South Africa is an instant creation of an association with apartheid, a factor that results to some interesting thoughts concerning the capacity of humans to despise and distrust others (Dir. Blomkamp; District 9). The well-known story of the extensive humanitarian (or, this situation, non-humanitarian) aid programs to offer assistance rapidly turns into suspicions and fear once the original disaster has been turned away and the non-humans must somehow integrate into the city’s life and identity. The rigid nature of most of the cultural norms of humans quickly conflicts with the diverse behavior and values tha t the non-humans hold, with a lot of distrust and hostility being the outcome. The allegory is obvious, and has been effectively applied, but in the final section there seems to be no deeper concerns at hand. Racism is not only the primary factor that actually lies at the center of the ethical questions brought about by the movie (Dir. Blomkamp; District 9): in reality, real  contact  with human beings being technologically advanced will lead to the impossibility of them being oppressed. This context of segregation is attached to questions that surround the economics and development of new technology, and the efforts that most people will make so as to ensure that they secure either military or financial dominance over others. During the movie’s progression, the

The status of women around the world and whether it has changed over Essay - 1

The status of women around the world and whether it has changed over time - Essay Example There have been different women through the centuries who have succeeded in having adventurous lives in spite of social customs that were created to confine them to the home. Khaizuran. Al-Khayzuran was a woman who travelled extensively in an era when women were severely restricted in all aspects of social life. She was born at the height of the Abbasid Empire, in Yemen. However, she would be kidnapped by Bedouin traders who then sold her to the Abbasid court as a slave (Hansen and Curtis 253). After she began to serve in the house of the next Caliph Al-Mahdi, she became personally involved with him and married him. She would bear two future caliphs Harun Al-Rashid, and Al-Hadi. In spite of living in a society that deeply oppressed its womenfolk, Al-Khayzuran was able to acquire and wield political power after marrying the most important man in the kingdom (Spodek 57). Her relatives were even awarded positions due to her influence in court. She also deeply influenced her sons who wou ld be future rulers. Even though Al-Khayzuran wielded unusual power for a woman of her day, she only managed to do this because she was the wife of the caliph. The position of women in her society did not benefit from her ascension to power. Gudrid. In some cases, women actually made the decision to go against the grain and take power for themselves. Gudrid, who was the sister-in-law of Leif Eriksson made just such a decision. Leif Eriksson was the man who landed on the American continent five centuries before Christopher Columbus did. After reaching the New World, Leif left never to return. Gudrid, however, wanted to remain there. She attempted to settle in the land that was named ‘Vinland’. Even though women were not viewed as warriors in the same way that men were, they had some more freedoms than their sisters in the medieval era would have in the next few centuries. Viking women, like Gudrid, could own ships as well as farms (Hansen and Curtis 286). Sometimes they relocated with their husbands, just as Gudrid did, when their men went in search of new lands to conquer. However, during such campaigns, they were often left behind to tend to commercial activities as well as the lands that were left behind when their husbands left. Moreover, even in campaigns, there were many times when women were required on trips. Li Qing-Zhao. While this type of freedom cannot be compared to that enjoyed by women in the 21st century, it was still much more than that enjoyed by women in other areas in the world. For example, for Li Qing-Zhao, who lived during the Song Dynasty life was much harder. Women in the Song dynasty were confined to homes and could not hold business related or political leadership positions. In addition, they could only improve their status by bearing male children. Li Qing-Zhao was a unique woman of her time who became a poet in spite of all the restrictions that she was bound by. She also travelled to many places as a result of adversit ies such as invasions from other nations. After her husband lost his battle with Malaria, Li Qing-Zhao would spend the rest of her life wandering from place to place. When she settled in Hangzhou in 1132, her writings in

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Case Study Example Jessica presented case 7 titled ‘It’s not our fault. The case is about two couples who share four children. The family had some unexpressed conflicts and communication problems. Circular questioning, Formula first session talk, scaling and deconstruction were applied before and during the therapy. The therapy was successful and one of the two couples was further referred for couple’s counseling. The case presentation evoked many opinions in the group. Jessica, Teresa, Richard and Keri although were in favor of the therapy applied and the way the case was handled, but they had some differential views when it came to minute details of therapeutic application. Jessica would have added some object relations therapy to improve the relationship of the children with their biological mother. Keri and Teresa agreed with the therapy applied but suggested that Douglas could have been helped with some individual sessions using CBT for reducing his unreasonable and complainant behavior. Richard was of the view that Diane needed more individual therapy regarding the abuse. Matt thought that a strong communication approach would have been helpful since the communication process of whole family was faulty and inadequate. This case is about a two year old boy named Joshua who had constipation due to his parent’s antagonism. The parents, Donna and Nick both lawyers, were not happy with each other and the atmosphere of the home was always tense. After this case was presented, Teresa, Keri and Richard agreed that individual CBT given to both partners would have helped since they refused joint marital therapy sessions, therapeutic work on the personality aspects of each would have been helpful in improving the relationship in an indirect way. Jessica was in a favor of the applied systems approach fully and thought that the case would not have been handled so nicely had the therapist used another approach. Matt believed that play therapy could have